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Analytical Services:
Atomic Absorption

ALSM Analytical Services large range of analytical techniques includes instrumentation for the determination of concentrations of metals by atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique to determine the concentration of a particular metal in a sample. It usually involves the use of a flame to atomise the sample, but other methods such as a graphite furnace are also used. There are 3 steps involved in turning a liquid sample into an atomic gas. The first step involves evaporation of the liquid to leave a dry sample. The second step involves vaporising the solid sample to a gas, and the third step is atomisation to break down the compounds present into free atoms.

Flame atomic absorption spectrometry is a fast and easy technique with an extremely high sensitivity, but specialist knowledge is required in its use as issues arise from chemical and spectral interferences. Atomic absorption spectrometers use the absorption of light to measure the concentration of gas phase atoms. The light that is focused into the flame is produced by a hollow cathode lamp, inside which is the sample and an anode. A high voltage is passed between the cathode and anode and the metal atoms are excited into producing light with a certain emission spectrum.

An atom consists of a core containing neutrons and protons. It also has a surrounding number of electrons, which are bound to the core at different energy levels. When an electron makes a transition from a particular energy level of an atom to a lower energy level, a photon of energy is released, which is equivalent in energy to the reduced level for the electron. The photon forms an atomic spectral line.

The frequency (v) at which the spectral line occurs is related to the energy (E) by Planck`s law; E = hv, where h is Planck`s constant. The atomic radiation produced can be characterised by both emission and an absorption coefficients. As the quantity of energy put into the flame is known and the quantity emitted can be detected, it is possible to calculate the concentration of the element present.



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